NUREG 0700 Rev. 2 (Ch.11+12)
11 WORKSTATION DESIGN
11.1 Workstation Configuration
11.1.1 Stand-Up Console Dimensions
11.1.1-1 Console Height to See Over
11.1.1-2 Control Height
11.1.1-3 Benchboard Slope
11.1.1-4 Minimum Distance of Controls from the Front Edge of the Console
11.1.1-5 Maximum Distance of Controls from the Front Edge of the Console
11.1.1-6 Display Height and Orientation
11.1.1-7 Location of Frequently Monitored Displays
11.1.1-8 Location of Infrequently Monitored Displays
11.1.1-9 Lateral Spread of Controls and Displays
11.1.1-10 Foot Room
11.1.2 Sit-Down Console Dimensions
11.1.2-1 Console Height to See Over
11.1.2-2 Control Height
11.1.2-3 Benchboard Slope
11.1.2-4 Minimum Distance of Controls from the Front Edge of the Console
11.1.2-5 Display Height and Orientation
11.1.2-6 Location of Frequently Monitored Displays
11.1.2-7 Location of Infrequently Monitored Displays
11.1.2-8 VDU Viewing Distance
11.1.2-9 Lateral Spread of Controls and Displays
11.1.2-10 Leg and Foot Room
11.1.2-11 Writing Space on Consoles
11.1.2-12 Use of Procedures and Other Reference Materials at Consoles
11.1.3 Sit-Stand Workstations
11.1.3-1 Appropriate Use
11.1.3-2 Control and Display Positioning
11.1.3-3 Seat Height
11.1.3-4 Knee Room
11.1.4 Vertical Panels
11.1.4-1 Control Height
11.1.4-2 Display Height
11.1.5 Desk Dimensions
11.1.5-1 Working Space
11.1.5-2 Chair Positions
11.1.5-3 Comfort
11.1.5-4 Dimensions
11.1.6 Chairs
11.1.6-1 Mobility
11.1.6-2 Backrests
11.1.6-3 Armrests
11.1.6-4 Cushioning
11.1.6-5 Seat Dimensions
11.1.6-6 Seat Adjustability
11.1.6-7 Footrests
11.2 Control and Display Device Layout
11.2.1 General Layout
11.2.1-1 Proximity
11.2.1-2 Obscuration
11.2.1-3 Association
11.2.2 Control-Display Integration
11.2.2.1 Multiple Controls, Single Display
11.2.2.1-1 Controls Mounted Below Display
11.2.2.1-2 Alternative Control Position
11.2.2.1-3 Controls Centered on Display
11.2.2.1-4 Grouping of Controls
11.2.2.1-5 Arrangement of Controls
11.2.2.1-6 Enhancement of Control Layout
11.2.2.2 Single Control, Multiple Displays
11.2.2.2-1 Displays Located Above Control
11.2.2.2-2 Alternative Position for Displays
11.2.2.2-3 Control Centered Below Displays
11.2.2.2-4 Grouping of Displays
11.2.2.2-5 Arrangement of Displays
11.2.2.2-6 Visibility During Control Manipulation
11.2.2.2-7 Enhancement of Display Layout
11.2.2.2-8 Display Selector Motion
11.2.2.2-9 Display Selector Sequence
11.2.2.2-10 Display Selector Labeling
11.2.2.2-11 Display Selectors Scale
11.2.2.3 Dynamic Control-Display Relationships
11.2.2.3-1 Rotary Controls
11.2.2.3-2 Linear Controls
11.2.2.3-3 Display Response Time Lag
11.2.2.3-4 Precision of Control
11.2.2.3-5 Resolution of Display
11.2.2.3-6 Excess Precision
11.2.2.3-7 Feedback
11.2.3 Between-Group and Within-Group Relationships
11.2.3-1 Functional Grouping
11.2.3-2 Sequence of Use
11.2.3-3 Display Above Each Control
11.2.3-4 Controls and Displays in Rows
11.2.3-5 Multi-Row Displays with Single-Row Controls
11.2.3-6 Consistent Practice
11.2.3-7 Control/Display Packages
11.2.3-8 Separated Controls and Displays
11.2.3-9 Facing Panels
11.3 Labeling and Demarcations
11.3.1 Labels
11.3.1.1 Labeling Principles
11.3.1.1-1 Need for Labeling
11.3.1.1-2 Hierarchical Scheme
11.3.1.1-3 Content of Hierarchical Labels
11.3.1.1-4 Letter Size in Hierarchical Labels
11.3.1.2 Label Location
11.3.1.2-1 Normal Placement
11.3.1.2-2 Panel Labeling
11.3.1.2-3 Labeling Elements Above Eye Level
11.3.1.2-4 Proximity
11.3.1.2-5 Labels on Controls
11.3.1.2-6 Adjacent Labels
11.3.1.2-7 Integrity
11.3.1.2-8 Surface
11.3.1.2-9 Horizontal Orientation
11.3.1.2-10 Curved Patterns
11.3.1.2-11 Other Information Sources
11.3.1.2-12 Concealment
11.3.1.2-13 Controls
11.3.1.2-14 Cleaning
11.3.1.3 Label Content
11.3.1.3-1 Principal Function
11.3.1.3-2 Wording of Instruction Labels
11.3.1.3-3 Commonly Used Terms and Symbols
11.3.1.3-4 Distinguishability
11.3.1.3-5 Consistency
11.3.1.3-6 Agreement with Procedures
11.3.1.3-7 Administrative Control
11.3.1.3-8 Label Similarity
11.3.1.3-9 Functional Relationship
11.3.1.3-10 Label Location
11.3.1.3-11 Control Position Labels
11.3.1.3-12 Direction
11.3.1.3-13 Visibility
11.3.1.3-14 Access Opening Labeling
11.3.1.3-15 Danger, Warning, and Safety Instruction Labels
11.3.1.4 Temporary Labels and Tagouts
11.3.1.4-1 Necessity
11.3.1.4-2 Visibility
11.3.1.4-3 Identification
11.3.1.4-4 Mounting
11.3.1.4-5 Obscuration
11.3.1.4-6 Activation
11.3.1.4-7 Adjacent Devices
11.3.1.4-8 Administrative Procedures
11.3.1.4-9 Review Procedures
11.3.1.5 Label Lettering
11.3.1.5-1 Character Height
11.3.1.5-2 Contrast
11.3.1.5-3 Character Selection
11.3.1.5-4 Character Width
11.3.1.5-5 Stroke Width
11.3.1.5-6 Spacing
11.3.2 Demarcations
11.3.2-1 Use
11.3.2-2 Contrast
11.3.2-3 Permanence
11.3.2-4 Consistency
11.3.2-5 User Expectations
11.4 Panel Layout
11.4.1 General Panel Layout
11.4.1-1 Grouping by Task
11.4.1-2 Grouping by System Function
11.4.1-3 Grouping by Importance and Frequency of Use
11.4.1-4 Less Important Controls/Displays
11.4.1-5 Spacing
11.4.1-6 Color Shading
11.4.1-7 Emergency Controls
11.4.2 Layout Arrangement Factors
11.4.2-1 Sequence
11.4.2-2 Frequency of Use
11.4.2-3 Functional Considerations
11.4.2-4 Order and Labeling
11.4.2-5 Other Expectations
11.4.2-6 Inter- and Intra-Panel Consistency
11.4.2-7 Repeated Functions
11.4.2-8 Mirror-Imaging
11.4.2-9 Panel-to-Panel Standardization
11.4.2-10 Simulator-to-Control Room Standardization
11.4.3 Specific Panel Layout Design
11.4.3-1 Access
11.4.3-2 Inadvertent Actuation
11.4.3-3 Simultaneous Actuation
11.4.3-4 Orientation
11.4.3-5 String Length
11.4.3-6 Number of Components
11.4.3-7 Coordinate Axes for Matrices
11.4.3-8 Labeling Large Matrices
11.4.3-9 Demarcation of Large Matrices
12 WORKPLACE DESIGN
12.1 Control Room
12.1.1 Control Room Configuration
12.1.1.1 Accessibility of Instrumentation/Equipment
12.1.1.1-1 Present in the Control Room
12.1.1.1-2 Arranged to Facilitate Coverage
12.1.1.2 Consistency of Staffing with Equipment Layout
12.1.1.2-1 Coverage
12.1.1.2-2 Utilization of Additional Personnel
12.1.1.2-3 Nonessential Personnel
12.1.1.3 Furniture and Equipment Layout
12.1.1.3-1 Viewing
12.1.1.3-2 Communications
12.1.1.3-3 Access to Workstations
12.1.1.3-4 Circulation Patterns
12.1.1.3-5 Maneuvering Space
12.1.1.3-6 Equipment-to-Opposing-Surface Distance
12.1.1.3-7 Openings
12.1.1.4 Document Organization and Storage
12.1.1.4-1 Accessibility
12.1.1.4-2 Location Aids
12.1.1.4-3 Convenience of Use
12.1.1.4-4 Bound Documents
12.1.1.4-5 Protection
12.1.1.4-6 Dedicated Sets of Procedures
12.1.1.5 Spare Parts, Operating Expendables, and Tools
12.1.1.5-1 Supply
12.1.1.5-2 Accessibility
12.1.1.5-3 Tools
12.1.1.5-4 Storage Space
12.1.1.5-5 Coding
12.1.1.5-6 Inventory
12.1.1.6 Supervisor Access
12.1.1.6-1 Access
12.1.1.6-2 Communications
12.1.1.7 Multiunit Control Rooms
12.1.1.7-1 Equipment Arrangement
12.1.1.7-2 Senior Operator Station
12.1.1.7-3 Sharing of Personnel
12.1.1.7-4 Sharing of Procedures
12.1.1.7-5 Shared Equipment
12.1.1.7-6 Dedicated Crews
12.1.1.7-7 Accentuate Differences
12.1.1.8 Emergency Equipment
12.1.1.8-1 Types of Equipment
12.1.1.8-2 Anthropometry
12.1.1.8-3 Periodic Checks
12.1.1.8-4 Quantity
12.1.1.8-5 Marking
12.1.1.8-6 Expendables
12.1.1.8-7 Accessibility
12.1.1.8-8 Training
12.1.1.8-9 Procedures
12.1.1.8-10 Periodic Checks
12.1.1.8-11 Accessibility
12.1.1.8-12 Training
12.1.1.8-13 Procedures
12.1.1.8-14 Automatic Warning System
12.1.1.8-15 Proper Storage
12.1.1.8-16 Storage Locations
12.1.1.9 Personal Storage
12.1.1.9-1 Storage Locations
12.1.1.9-2 Storage Suitability
12.1.1.10 Ambience and Comfort
12.1.1.10-1 Decor
12.1.1.10-2 Restroom and Eating Facilities
12.1.1.10-3 Rest Area/Lounge
12.1.1.11 Crew Coordination
12.1.1.11-1 Shared Information and Control Functions
12.1.1.11-2 Indication of Shared Control Capability
12.1.1.11-3 Indication of Override of Shared Control Capability
12.1.1.11-4 Shared Display Devices
12.1.1.11-5 User-Configured Displays
12.1.1.11-6 Soft Controls with Multiple Access
12.1.1.12 HSI Upgrades
12.1.1.12-1 Consistent System Response
12.1.1.12-2 Existing Skills Preserved
12.1.1.12-3 Salient Changes
12.1.2 Control Room Environment
12.1.2.1 Temperature and Humidity
12.1.2.1-1 Comfort Zone
12.1.2.1-2 Temperature Differential
12.1.2.2 Ventilation
12.1.2.2-1 Air Quantity
12.1.2.2-2 Air Velocity
12.1.2.3 Illumination
12.1.2.3-1 Illumination Levels
12.1.2.3-2 Uniformity
12.1.2.3-3 Supplemental Light
12.1.2.3-4 Task Area Luminance Ratios
12.1.2.3-5 Shadows
12.1.2.3-6 Glare
12.1.2.3-7 Reflectance
12.1.2.3-8 Color
12.1.2.3-9 Ambient Illumination and VDUs
12.1.2.3-10 Use of Colored Ambient Illumination
12.1.2.3-11 Illuminance of Areas Immediately Surrounding VDUs
12.1.2.4 Emergency Lighting
12.1.2.4-1 Automatic Action
12.1.2.4-2 Operability
12.1.2.4-3 Emergency Lighting Levels
12.1.2.5 Auditory Environment
12.1.2.5-1 General
12.1.2.5-2 Background Noise
12.1.2.5-3 Background Noise Level
12.1.2.5-4 Further Reductions
12.1.2.5-5 Noise Distractions
12.1.2.5-6 Reverberation Time and Sound Absorption
12.2 Local Control Stations
12.2.1 Labeling
12.2.1.1 Placement of Labels
12.2.1.1-1 Labeling of Equipment
12.2.1.1-2 Replacement of Labels
12.2.1.1-3 Viewing Direction
12.2.1.1-4 Label Visibility
12.2.1.1-5 Locator Labels
12.2.1.1-6 Label Orientation
12.2.1.1-7 Label Positioning
12.2.1.1-8 Redundant Labels
12.2.1.1-9 Label Placement Conventions
12.2.1.1-10 Label Mounting
12.2.1.1-11 Label Replacement after Maintenance
12.2.1.1-12 Means of Label Attachment
12.2.1.2 Label Design
12.2.1.2-1 Label Material
12.2.1.2-2 Label Contrast
12.2.1.2-3 Character Height
12.2.1.2-4 Stenciled Labels
12.2.1.2-5 Label Reflectance
12.2.1.3 Label Content
12.2.1.3-1 Label Information
12.2.1.3-2 Labeling Conventions
12.2.1.3-3 Standard Label Format
12.2.1.3-4 Abbreviations
12.2.2 Information Display
12.2.2.1 Gauges/Meters
12.2.2.1-1 Design
12.2.2.2 CRT Displays
12.2.2.2-1 Design
12.2.2.3 Valve Position Indication
12.2.2.3-1 Alignment Marks
12.2.2.3-2 Visibility of Position Indication
12.2.2.3-3 Indication of Full Open/Closed Positions
12.2.2.3-4 Design of Position Indication
12.2.2.3-5 Indication of Direction of Rotation
12.2.2.3-6 Precision of Indication
12.2.2.3-7 Alternate Means of Local Position Indication
12.2.3 Controls
12.2.3.1 General
12.2.3.1-1 Design of Controls
12.2.3.1-2 Inadvertent Activation
12.2.3.1-3 Suitability for Use
12.2.3.2 Manual Valves
12.2.3.2-1 Operating Labels
12.2.3.2-2 Turning Aids
12.2.4 Communication
12.2.4.1 Loudspeakers
12.2.4.1-1 Range of Coverage of Loudspeakers
12.2.4.1-2 Coverage Areas of Loudspeakers
12.2.4.1-3 Locations and Amplitudes of Loudspeakers
12.2.4.1-4 Echoes
12.2.4.2 Public Address/Pager Stations
12.2.4.2-1 Locations of Page Stations
12.2.4.2-2 Shielding of Page Stations
12.2.4.2-3 Control of Page System
12.2.4.2-4 Variable Amplitude Speakers
12.2.4.3 High Noise Areas
12.2.4.3-1 High Noise Environments
12.2.4.3-2 Portable Alerting Devices
12.2.4.4 Two-Way Communication Systems
12.2.4.4-1 Capacity Requirements
12.2.4.4-2 Dedicated Emergency Circuits
12.2.4.4-3 Signal Characteristics
12.2.4.4-4 System Access Locations
12.2.4.4-5 Portable Communication Devices
12.2.4.4-6 Radio Coverage
12.2.4.4-7 Radio Repeaters
12.2.4.4-8 Use with Special Garments
12.2.4.5 Administrative Considerations
12.2.4.5-1 Training in Communications Practices
12.2.4.5-2 Periodic Surveillance Programs
12.2.4.5-3 Intelligibility Tests
12.2.4.5-4 Page System Capacity Upgrading
12.2.5 Environment
12.2.5.1 Heat
12.2.5.1-1 Heat Stress
12.2.5.1-2 Engineering Controls
12.2.5.1-3 Work Practices
12.2.5.1-4 Water Replacement
12.2.5.2 Cold
12.2.5.2-1 Outdoor Equipment
12.2.5.2-2 Wind Chill
12.2.5.2-3 Effects of Cold on Performance
12.2.5.2-4 Engineering Controls
12.2.5.2-5 Work Practices
12.2.5.2-6 Protective Clothing
12.2.5.3 Noise
12.2.5.3-1 Quieting the Work Process
12.2.5.3-2 Limiting Noise Transmission
12.2.5.3-3 Limiting Noise Exposure
12.2.5.3-4 Hearing Protection
12.2.5.3-5 Sound Attenuating Enclosures
12.2.5.3-6 Auditory Capabilities of Users
12.2.5.3-7 Communications and Hearing Protection
12.2.5.4 Lighting
12.2.5.4-1 Illumination Levels
12.2.5.4-2 Portable Lighting
12.2.5.5 Accessibility
12.2.5.5-1 Permanent Means of Access
12.2.5.5-2 Temporary Means of Access
12.2.5.5-3 Appropriate Means of Access
12.2.5.5-4 Sufficient Clearance
12.2.5.5-5 Impediments to Access
12.2.5.6 Vibration
12.2.5.6-1 Vibration Levels
12.2.5.6-2 Reducing Vibration
12.2.5.6-3 Limiting Transmission of Vibration
12.2.5.6-4 Reducing the Effects of Vibration
12.2.5.6-5 Limiting Exposure to Vibration